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Cisco 200-301 Bundle

Exam Code: 200-301

Exam Name Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Certification Provider: Cisco

Corresponding Certification: CCNA

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Cisco 200-301 Practice Test 28

Question 270

A router receives a packet for 198.51.100.7 and has a connected 198.51.100.0/24 interface that is administratively shut down. The interface-down connected prefix is absent from the active routing table, but a valid default route remains. Which route is used?

  1. The configured but inactive connected /24 route because connected routes always win.
  2. The valid installed default route, if no other installed matching prefix exists.
  3. A broadcast flood out all ports because the destination was formerly connected.
  4. A stale ARP cache entry to the down interface, irrespective of installed routing paths.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Only operationally installed and valid routes participate in the normal forwarding decision. A connected network whose interface has gone down is not available simply because the interface configuration still contains an address. The default route then provides the longest available match when no more specific usable route for 198.51.100.7 remains.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A connected prefix has low administrative distance when present, but an inactive interface cannot provide an installed directly connected path. Configuration text alone does not make a route eligible for packet forwarding.

C:

Routing a unicast IPv4 packet does not revert to Ethernet flooding when an interface drops. The router still performs its route lookup against active entries.

D:

An ARP entry maps a next hop on a usable Layer 2 segment; it does not override the routing table or resurrect a shutdown interface. Forwarding selection precedes neighbor resolution.

Question 271

A branch previously had an installed 10.20.30.0/24 route. That path fails and the /24 disappears, but 10.20.0.0/16 via a surviving WAN is still installed. A packet for 10.20.30.42 arrives. What lookup result is appropriate?

  1. The router must drop every packet formerly covered by the lost /24.
  2. The installed 10.20.0.0/16 becomes the longest remaining matching route.
  3. The default route is used even though the /16 still matches.
  4. A route removed from the active table always overrides all installed routes.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Forwarding uses entries currently present in the route table. With the failed /24 removed, the broader /16 still covers 10.20.30.42 and can carry the packet toward its alternate next hop. Routing does not keep using an unavailable /24 simply because it was once more specific.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Loss of a specific route does not impose a permanent blackhole when a valid covering prefix remains. The remaining /16 provides a legitimate match.

C:

A surviving /16 is more specific than 0.0.0.0/0. Normal longest-match forwarding selects the /16 before considering the default.

D:

Withdrawn entries do not participate in active forwarding lookup. The router must select from eligible installed paths.

Question 272

A router has a configured static 10.25.5.0/24 route whose next hop is unresolved, so that static route is absent from the installed table. An OSPF 10.25.0.0/16 route is installed and usable. Which entry forwards a packet for 10.25.5.20?

  1. The installed OSPF 10.25.0.0/16 because the uninstalled static /24 cannot participate in forwarding.
  2. The configured /24 static regardless of whether the router installed it.
  3. The default route because OSPF routes have high administrative distance.
  4. Both paths must receive identical copies through equal-cost multipath.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Longest-prefix matching occurs among installed eligible routes, not among all route commands present in running configuration. With the static /24 unresolved and absent from the routing table, the usable /16 is the most specific installed match. The correct next action is to diagnose the static next-hop resolution, not pretend the configured line is active.

Incorrect Answers

B:

A route command does not guarantee an operational FIB entry. Without next-hop resolution, the /24 is not available for normal forwarding selection.

C:

The OSPF /16 is installed and more specific than the default. Administrative distance does not make an installed matching /16 disappear.

D:

The configured /24 is not an installed eligible path, and the two prefixes also differ in length. ECMP does not follow from this scenario.

Question 273

Two OSPF neighbors offer eligible routes to the exact same 172.20.40.0/24 destination, both at administrative distance 110. Neighbor A has total OSPF cost 30, neighbor B cost 65. What determines the preferred path?

  1. Neighbor B because larger OSPF cost indicates higher preference.
  2. The route through neighbor A with OSPF cost 30.
  3. The path received first even if its cost is 65.
  4. Both paths automatically form ECMP because their administrative distances match.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Both candidates describe the same prefix and use the same routing protocol, so prefix length and administrative distance do not distinguish them. OSPF compares the accumulated path metric and normally selects the lower total cost. Route installation should therefore prefer neighbor A when the stated paths are otherwise valid.

Incorrect Answers

A:

OSPF cost is a metric where lower eligible values are preferred. A cost of 65 is worse than cost 30 in this comparison.

C:

OSPF recalculates best paths using metric information instead of preserving an inferior route solely by arrival order. A better path can replace it.

D:

Equal administrative distance alone is insufficient for equal-cost OSPF forwarding. The costs differ, so this is not an equal-cost pair.

Question 274

A router receives an IPv4 packet for an address that matches no connected, static or dynamic route and there is no default route. What is the normal outcome?

  1. The router drops the packet as unroutable and may generate an ICMP destination-unreachable message.
  2. The router sends the packet to its own management IP by default.
  3. The router floods the IPv4 packet on every switchport in every VLAN.
  4. The router learns an OSPF route automatically from the packet’s destination IP.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

IP forwarding requires a matching route to identify an outgoing interface or next hop. When no specific entry or default exists, the router cannot choose a path, so it discards the packet instead of broadcasting it to every interface. ICMP error generation is subject to platform policy and rate limits.

Incorrect Answers

B:

A management interface address is not an automatic forwarding fallback. Without a valid route or explicit default gateway, there is no reason to deliver the packet to the local control-plane IP.

C:

Flooding unknown destination MACs is a Layer 2 bridge behavior, not IP routing when no destination prefix matches. An IP router does not flood arbitrary unroutable packets across the campus.

D:

OSPF exchanges neighbor link-state advertisements; it does not create a route simply because user data arrived for an unknown destination. A valid routing source is still required.

Question 275

An operator sees two equally specific installed OSPF routes with equal total cost for one destination and the router supports ECMP. What forwarding behavior may occur?

  1. Packets are routed through every next hop sequentially before leaving the router.
  2. The router automatically forms a Layer 2 EtherChannel from the OSPF next hops.
  3. Traffic can be distributed over eligible equal-cost next hops using the platform’s forwarding hash.
  4. Only one path can ever exist because destination prefixes cannot have multiple next hops.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Equal-cost multipath allows a routing table to install multiple eligible paths to the same prefix when their protocol cost is equal. Cisco forwarding commonly hashes flow attributes across those next hops to avoid per-packet reordering. ECMP does not imply that every packet alternates ports, nor that the router selects an arbitrary higher-cost path.

Incorrect Answers

A:

ECMP chooses one eligible forwarding path for a packet or flow; it does not duplicate and serially traverse all equal-cost routes. Sequential routing would create loops or unnecessary forwarding.

B:

Layer 3 ECMP across routed paths is not the same as link aggregation among physical Ethernet members. OSPF does not negotiate an LACP port-channel.

D:

Modern routers can install ECMP next hops for the same prefix. Equal-cost multipath is specifically intended to use multiple suitable paths when the platform allows it.

Question 276

A Cisco router learns 10.10.0.0/16 as an OSPF route and has a static /24 for 10.10.20.0/24. A packet destined to 10.10.20.45 arrives. The OSPF route has lower administrative distance than the static route. Which installed forwarding entry wins?

  1. The 10.10.0.0/16 OSPF route because OSPF administrative distance is lower.
  2. The default route because it matches every destination in the global table.
  3. The router must load-share across the static /24 and OSPF /16 because they overlap.
  4. The static 10.10.20.0/24 entry, because it is the longest installed matching prefix for that destination.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Forwarding uses longest-prefix match across the installed forwarding entries before administrative distance can matter between routes to the same prefix. The /24 includes 10.10.20.45 and is more specific than the overlapping /16. The static next hop must still be resolvable, but its administrative distance does not cause the shorter OSPF match to outrank it.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Administrative distance selects a preferred route to the same destination prefix during route installation. It does not make an installed /16 beat a more specific installed /24 at forwarding time.

B:

A default route only wins when no more-specific usable route matches. Both /24 and /16 routes match this packet, so the catch-all entry is not used.

C:

Equal-cost multipath concerns eligible routes to the same prefix with equal forwarding cost. Different prefix lengths do not form an equal-cost group for a single longest-prefix decision.

Question 277

An IPv6 router has installed routes `2001:db8:aa::/48` via R1 and `2001:db8:aa:7::/64` via R2. A management host route `2001:db8:aa:7::55/128` also points to R3. Which one forwards traffic for the exact management address?

  1. The /48 via R1, because shorter prefix lengths always have priority.
  2. The /64 via R2, because IPv6 forwarding cannot use /128 routes.
  3. The route with the numerically largest next-hop IPv6 address.
  4. The /128 host route via R3 because it is the most-specific matching IPv6 prefix.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

IPv6 route selection also applies longest-prefix matching. The /48, /64 and /128 all contain this particular destination, but a /128 matches just that one address. The host exception therefore takes precedence over the broader LAN and site routes when all are installed.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A shorter prefix covers more destinations and is less specific. The /128 matches the individual management address more precisely.

B:

An IPv6 /128 host route is a valid route prefix for an exact address. It is more specific than the site /48 and subnet /64.

C:

The next-hop textual ordering is not a route-selection criterion. Prefix specificity determines which installed destination entry matches best.

Question 278

An IOS router has interface IPv4 address 192.0.2.1 with installed `L 192.0.2.1/32` and `C 192.0.2.0/24`. A packet destined exactly to 192.0.2.1 arrives. Which operation does longest-prefix lookup indicate?

  1. Forward it out the same interface to another host because all C and L routes mean transit.
  2. Use the default route because it has an explicit next hop.
  3. Compare OSPF metrics before deciding whether the router owns its own address.
  4. Deliver the packet to the local router stack using the local /32 destination.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

The local route is a single-address /32 and therefore more specific than the /24 connected subnet. Its destination is the router interface itself rather than a neighbor to which the router should relay a transit packet. This also explains why a correctly forwarded frame to the router’s IP may trigger local service or management policy.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A local L /32 names the router’s own address, unlike a generic connected prefix that covers remote neighbors. Delivery to the local stack is appropriate.

B:

The /32 is the most specific installed matching prefix. A default route is relevant only if no more-specific entry matches.

C:

Ownership of the interface address is expressed by the local route and does not depend on an OSPF metric. No competing OSPF path was supplied.

Question 279

Installed routes include 10.78.0.0/16 via R1, 10.78.166.128/25 via R2 and a default via ISP. A packet arrives for 10.78.166.36. Which route is used?

  1. 10.78.166.128/25 via R2 because /25 is longer.
  2. The ISP default regardless of the 10.78.0.0/16 entry.
  3. 10.78.0.0/16 via R1, because the 10.78.166.128/25 route does not include .36.
  4. Drop the packet because the longer /25 does not match.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

An installed prefix matters only if it contains the destination address. The /25 begins at fourth-octet 128, while .36 lies in the lower half of the surrounding /24. The /16 does include that destination and is therefore the most specific of the actual matches, ahead of the default.

Incorrect Answers

A:

The /25 is not a match for .36, regardless of its greater prefix length. Longest-prefix comparison applies only among covering destinations.

B:

The /16 covers this destination and is longer than /0. The default is only a fallback when no more-specific match exists.

D:

A nonmatching specific route does not invalidate a separate covering /16. The packet can still use the valid broader path.

Question 280

An operator configures two entries for 172.16.40.0/24, one learned from OSPF with administrative distance 110 and one static route with the default static distance 1. Both next hops are valid. What controls which entry is installed?

  1. The OSPF route always wins because all dynamic routes outrank configured routes.
  2. The route with more hosts in its subnet wins regardless of administrative distance.
  3. The static route usually takes precedence for that same prefix because its administrative distance is lower.
  4. The route with the alphabetically first interface description wins.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

For identical destination prefix lengths and addresses, IOS compares administrative distance between competing sources before installing the selected route. A normal static route at distance 1 outranks OSPF at 110 when both are valid. Packet forwarding later uses the installed route and longest-prefix match, which is a different comparison from selecting between sources for one prefix.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Route sources do not have a universal dynamic-over-static rule. The defaults in the scenario make the static source more trusted for this identical destination prefix.

B:

Both entries describe exactly the same /24 network and address space. Host capacity does not distinguish these competing routes or change their default preference.

D:

Interface description strings are operator annotations and not a routing-protocol tie-breaker. The actual administrative distance determines which source is preferred.