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Cisco 200-301 Bundle

Exam Code: 200-301

Exam Name Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Certification Provider: Cisco

Corresponding Certification: CCNA

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Cisco 200-301 Practice Test 20

Question 190

A switch is losing BPDUs on a non-designated uplink after a unidirectional fiber problem. The team wants to keep the port from mistakenly transitioning to forwarding and creating a loop. Which protective feature should be considered?

  1. PortFast on every uplink to bypass the BPDU check.
  2. Loop Guard on the appropriate non-designated STP port, validated with the platform configuration.
  3. Increase the allowed VLAN list to every VLAN on the trunk without checking the link.
  4. Disable OSPF authentication between routers upstream.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Loop Guard protects eligible ports that should continue receiving BPDUs from becoming designated forwarding ports merely because BPDUs stop arriving. It can place an affected port into loop-inconsistent state until reception recovers. This is different from BPDU Guard on host-edge ports that should not receive BPDUs at all.

Incorrect Answers

A:

PortFast is designed for validated edge ports and does not protect against unilateral loss of BPDU reception on a redundant interswitch link. It can increase loop exposure when misapplied.

C:

Trunk VLAN policy does not repair the missing-BPDU failure mode. Broadening VLANs may expose more broadcast domains to a loop.

D:

OSPF authentication governs a Layer 3 routing neighbor relationship, not STP BPDUs on a Layer 2 uplink. It cannot implement the requested loop protection.

Question 191

A non-root switch receives superior BPDUs on four links to the same spanning-tree root. The total advertised plus local path costs are Gi1/0/1=22, Gi1/0/2=37, Gi1/0/3=73, Gi1/0/4=56. All relevant bridge ID tie-breakers are unnecessary because costs differ. Which port is selected as its root port?

  1. Gi1/0/2
  2. Gi1/0/3
  3. Gi1/0/4
  4. Gi1/0/1

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

The root port is the non-root bridge’s best path toward the elected root and is chosen by the lowest cumulative root path cost before tie-breakers. Gi1/0/1 has cost 22, less than the three other candidates. Its forwarding role depends on the stable STP calculation; root port selection is not simply the highest-speed label in an interface name.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Gi1/0/2 carries a total cost of 37, greater than the 22 on Gi1/0/1. A switch compares the full path to the ROOT, including the local cost, so selecting this alternate uplink would ignore a lower-cost available path.

B:

Gi1/0/3 carries a total cost of 73, greater than the 22 on Gi1/0/1. A switch compares the full path to the ROOT, including the local cost, so selecting this alternate uplink would ignore a lower-cost available path.

C:

Gi1/0/4 carries a total cost of 56, greater than the 22 on Gi1/0/1. A switch compares the full path to the ROOT, including the local cost, so selecting this alternate uplink would ignore a lower-cost available path.

Question 192

An access interface is correctly configured as PortFast for an end host. Operations wants accidental BPDU receipt to stop the port rather than allow an unapproved switch to bridge onto the LAN. Which pairing meets this purpose?

  1. Keep PortFast for the trusted edge role and enable BPDU Guard on the appropriate access port.
  2. Enable BPDU Filter globally and assume it always disables the port on BPDU receipt.
  3. Set the edge port to STP root priority 0 without configuring guard.
  4. Enable LACP active mode so incoming BPDUs are interpreted as LACP negotiation.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

PortFast accelerates edge-port transition to forwarding for endpoints that do not participate in spanning tree. BPDU Guard can error-disable or otherwise protect that edge interface when unexpected BPDUs indicate a possible connected bridge. The controls have complementary roles and should be applied only where the port truly serves an edge endpoint.

Incorrect Answers

B:

BPDU Filter suppresses protocol frames under its supported modes and is not the same protective action as BPDU Guard. Misconfiguration may mask topology events rather than stop a rogue bridge.

C:

Bridge priority is associated with root election on a VLAN, not a per-edge-port drop-on-BPDU mechanism. It does not implement the requested endpoint protection.

D:

LACP handles EtherChannel aggregation PDUs, not spanning-tree protection. It cannot turn unexpected bridge BPDUs into a safe edge-port event.

Question 193

A distribution switch sends BPDUs from a designated forwarding port to an access switch. The access switch loses its preferred root path on one interface and must select a backup uplink. What metric is compared first among otherwise eligible candidate root paths?

  1. The total cumulative path cost toward the current STP root bridge.
  2. The alphabetically first neighbor hostname on the alternate uplink.
  3. The highest source TCP port number carried in the user traffic.
  4. The length of the VLAN name string configured on each trunk.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Spanning tree chooses the root port on a nonroot switch from received BPDU root information, preferring the least total path cost and applying bridge/port tie-breakers as needed. A backup uplink may become forwarding after reconvergence when it offers the best remaining path. Merely having the highest speed label or lowest port number is not sufficient without the cost calculation.

Incorrect Answers

B:

Hostnames are not fundamental STP root-port metrics. A switch compares root-path costs and bridge-port identifiers to select its path.

C:

STP controls Layer 2 topology independently of application session ports. It cannot choose root ports based on TCP flow numbers.

D:

VLAN labels are descriptive metadata and do not appear in root path selection metrics. Root-port decisions rely on BPDU path cost and tie-breaker information.

Question 194

A new access switch has a user-facing access port configured with PortFast and BPDU Guard. During troubleshooting, a small unmanaged switch is connected and starts sending BPDUs; the port becomes err-disabled. What caused the shutdown?

  1. BPDU Guard detected an unexpected BPDU on an edge port and disabled it to protect Layer 2 topology.
  2. A low OSPF cost made the switch elect a new routing designated router.
  3. The configured access VLAN was absent from a neighbor trunk, forcing a native VLAN reset.
  4. The MAC aging timer expired and disabled the switchport to prevent new learning.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

PortFast is intended for a validated end-station connection, not an unmanaged switch creating a new bridging path. BPDU Guard monitors such an edge port and can put it in err-disabled state when a BPDU arrives. Operators should remove the unauthorized bridging connection and recover the interface according to the site policy.

Incorrect Answers

B:

OSPF election is a Layer 3 routing-protocol function, not the switchport err-disable mechanism. An ordinary switch receiving an unexpected BPDU invokes STP protective features instead.

C:

A trunk VLAN allowance problem can interrupt reachability, but does not explain a BPDU Guard shutdown on a host-edge interface. The decisive evidence is unexpected BPDU reception.

D:

Normal MAC address aging removes stale forwarding entries without administratively disabling the port. A BPDU Guard violation is a distinct protective state transition.

Question 195

An engineer changes the STP cost on one redundant uplink and wants to predict which path a nonroot switch will select as its root port. Which calculation matters?

  1. Whichever interface has the lowest numeric VLAN ID, because VLAN identity overrides path cost.
  2. The interface with the greatest local IP subnet mask, since root port choice uses longest-prefix matching.
  3. Both redundant uplinks forward as root ports at the same time whenever their speeds match.
  4. The total root path cost through each candidate port, with the lowest qualified path winning subject to STP tie breakers.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Rapid PVST+ elects a root port for each nonroot bridge by comparing superior spanning-tree information, including accumulated path cost to the root bridge. Changing one link’s cost can alter the preferred path without changing the root bridge itself. Equal costs require standard bridge-ID and port-ID tie breakers, so port speed alone is not sufficient.

Incorrect Answers

A:

STP computes the topology for the relevant VLAN and compares BPDUs and path attributes. VLAN numbers do not independently rank root-port candidates within that instance.

B:

Spanning tree is an Ethernet bridging protocol; it does not evaluate IP addresses or subnet masks. IP route lookup occurs at a different layer.

C:

A nonroot switch has one selected root port per tree under normal operation. Other eligible redundant ports can have alternate/discarding roles to avoid loops.

Question 196

An engineer sees a Rapid PVST+ port in learning state immediately after a topology change. Will it normally forward ordinary user data frames yet?

  1. Yes, learning and forwarding are synonyms and have identical data-plane treatment.
  2. No, because learning always means the administrator disabled the physical interface.
  3. No. The port can learn source MAC addresses while still withholding ordinary data forwarding until it reaches the forwarding state.
  4. Yes, because an OSPF neighbor must form before STP can enter learning.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Rapid spanning tree uses discarding, learning and forwarding states. During learning, the port processes information needed for stable forwarding but does not yet carry normal user data traffic. Observing a learning state is therefore different from a physical link failure, and operators should check convergence before declaring an application outage.

Incorrect Answers

A:

The two states are distinct: learning updates address information, while forwarding permits normal user frames. Treating them as equal ignores the transitional protection.

B:

A healthy port can be in learning state during normal STP convergence. An administrative shutdown is an independent interface state and requires different evidence.

D:

OSPF adjacency is not a prerequisite for Layer 2 spanning-tree transitions. The port’s learning behavior is controlled by STP state, not by a routing protocol.

Question 197

A two-switch campus uses Rapid PVST+ for VLAN 10 and VLAN 20. Administrators want to verify the ACTUAL elected root bridge for VLAN 20 after a priority change. Which read-only result is decisive?

  1. Read only the switch hostname and assume a device named CORE is elected root.
  2. Check `show ip route` and select the router with the lowest default-route administrative distance.
  3. Change VLAN 20 to VLAN 21 because numerically larger VLANs elect a new root automatically.
  4. Inspect the per-VLAN spanning-tree operational output and identify VLAN 20’s Root ID and root-port information.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Configured priority is merely an input to the election; the actual root for a VLAN appears in its operational spanning-tree state. The Root ID includes the elected bridge identity and the local switch may or may not be the root. Use the per-instance output rather than inferring root placement from a device name or an intended design.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A hostname does not participate in bridge-ID comparisons. STP uses priority and MAC-related bridge identity and receives superior BPDUs.

B:

IP route preference and Layer 2 spanning-tree election are independent. A default-route table does not show the elected root bridge for VLAN 20.

C:

Renumbering VLANs changes segmentation and does not establish which bridge has the superior priority/ID. Verify the intended VLAN 20 instance directly.

Question 198

On a nonroot Rapid PVST+ switch, two uplinks advertise an equal root path cost and the same root bridge ID. One BPDU is received from upstream bridge ID 24576:00aa.0000.0001 and another from 32768:00aa.0000.0002. Assuming all earlier selection criteria tie, which advertisement normally determines the root port?

  1. The higher sender bridge ID because its greater priority makes the link more important.
  2. The one from the lower upstream sender bridge ID, 24576:00aa.0000.0001.
  3. The link with the most VLANs allowed on its 802.1Q trunk, regardless of BPDU contents.
  4. Both uplinks automatically become forwarding root ports because their root path costs are equal.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

When received BPDUs have the same root bridge and total root path cost, STP applies additional deterministic tie-breakers. The upstream sender bridge ID is compared before the upstream sender port ID. The lower sender bridge ID therefore supplies the preferred path in this controlled equal-cost case.

Incorrect Answers

A:

STP prefers lower bridge identifiers in its ordering after earlier criteria tie. A numerically larger sender bridge ID does not win this particular tie-break comparison.

C:

Trunk allowance controls available VLAN traffic, not the specified root-port BPDU ordering. The scenario holds the root and path cost equal and asks for the next identifier comparison.

D:

STP selects a single root port for the instance on a nonroot bridge under ordinary topology rules. Tie-breakers prevent an uncontrolled parallel Layer 2 loop.

Question 199

A junior engineer wants Switch B to become the preferred Rapid PVST+ root for VLAN 20, but a peer currently has a lower bridge priority. Which supported configuration approach targets the root election?

  1. Configure an appropriately lower VLAN 20 bridge priority on Switch B and verify the active VLAN root.
  2. Increase Switch B’s bridge priority above every peer so it wins the election.
  3. Lower its OSPF reference bandwidth to make its STP priority smaller.
  4. Change only Switch B’s hostname to alphabetically precede the current root.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

For a given VLAN, root election compares bridge identifiers, whose priority component precedes the MAC address component. A switch with a lower valid priority can be made the intended root when the design and other bridge IDs are accounted for. The resulting topology should be confirmed with `show spanning-tree vlan 20` rather than inferred from configuration alone.

Incorrect Answers

B:

Lower bridge priority wins, so increasing it would generally make Switch B less likely to become root. The value also follows platform-supported 4096-step conventions.

C:

OSPF reference bandwidth controls routing metric calculation and does not edit the Layer 2 bridge identifier. Root election requires the per-VLAN spanning-tree settings.

D:

Device hostnames are human-readable management labels and do not control the STP priority/MAC comparison. The root decision is determined by BPDU bridge IDs.

Question 200

A Rapid PVST+ root bridge is connected to three downstream LAN segments, with no link failures or guard restrictions. Which ordinary port role should its active designated-facing ports hold for that VLAN?

  1. Designated forwarding ports on their respective segments, because the root bridge advertises the best root path.
  2. Root ports on every active segment because the root must choose one path toward a better upstream bridge.
  3. All ports remain permanently discarding to prevent any frames leaving the root.
  4. Every port must become an alternate port waiting for an OSPF adjacency.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

The root bridge is the reference for the lowest-cost path calculation and has no root port leading toward another root. Its active ports generally become designated for their connected segments where they advertise superior root information. STP still evaluates each VLAN and segment, but the root does not need an alternate uplink to reach itself.

Incorrect Answers

B:

A root port is the path a nonroot bridge uses to reach the selected root. The actual root bridge is already the path origin and has no upstream root port.

C:

That would eliminate the root’s ability to forward ordinary LAN traffic. STP prevents loops through selective port roles, not by suppressing every active root-bridge port.

D:

Alternate roles are redundant paths at STP, not a prerequisite for Layer 3 OSPF neighbor relationships. A root bridge normally provides designated forwarding paths to downstream segments.