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Cisco 200-301 Bundle

Exam Code: 200-301

Exam Name Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Certification Provider: Cisco

Corresponding Certification: CCNA

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Cisco 200-301 Practice Test 12

Question 110

A dual-band site survey finds that 5-GHz clients transmit at high rate close to an AP but have poor coverage behind thick concrete walls, while 2.4-GHz clients remain associated farther away. Which RF characteristic best explains this difference?

  1. 5 GHz always has longer wall penetration because it uses more channel numbers.
  2. The IP subnet mask must be enlarged so the 5-GHz radio reaches the far rooms.
  3. Turn off WPA2 because encryption alone determines how deeply radio waves penetrate walls.
  4. Higher-frequency signals may experience greater path loss or material attenuation; validate 5-GHz coverage and AP density.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

RF propagation depends on wavelength, materials and transmit/receive characteristics. A 5-GHz cell may offer additional channel choices yet cover fewer obstructed locations than 2.4 GHz under similar conditions. Use a measured survey and appropriate AP placement rather than promising universally superior distance from the higher band.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Channel count is a spectrum-allocation property, not a guarantee of better material penetration. The walls and frequency-dependent attenuation cause the observed difference.

B:

IP prefix length changes Layer 3 addressing and cannot overcome radio path loss through concrete. RF design must address signal strength and interference.

C:

Security encryption protects frames but does not meaningfully alter their RF propagation through building materials. Removing security adds exposure without improving coverage.

Question 111

A corporate WLAN experiences sticky-client roaming and low throughput because several co-channel APs transmit at excessive power. What RF tuning action should be considered?

  1. Adjust AP transmit power and channel plan to manage cell overlap and co-channel interference.
  2. Change the IPv4 default gateway on all clients.
  3. Increase every AP transmit power to maximum.
  4. Disable 802.1Q trunking on the WLC uplink.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Wi-Fi coverage is influenced by transmit power, channel selection, client capability and building attenuation. Excessive RF overlap can cause co-channel contention and clients remaining associated with a distant AP. A site survey and controlled power/channel adjustment address the observed RF design problem, not an unrelated Layer 3 subnet setting.

Incorrect Answers

B:

An IP gateway is used after radio association and does not determine RF overlap or 802.11 channel reuse. The complaint is wireless medium contention.

C:

More power may worsen overlapping cells and airtime contention, and can create asymmetric client-to-AP communication. It is not automatically the best way to improve roaming.

D:

Removing required VLAN transport can break WLAN connectivity but does not optimize radio power or channel selection. The RF issue needs an RF solution.

Question 112

During a wireless survey, two adjacent APs are assigned the same 20-MHz channel despite strong overlapping signals. Both serve many busy clients. Why can they experience poor throughput even when there is little adjacent-channel interference?

  1. They share airtime on a co-channel contention domain, so competing transmitters must coordinate medium access.
  2. Same-channel APs cannot detect one another and always transmit freely without contention.
  3. Only Layer 3 routing loops can cause congestion when APs share the same radio channel.
  4. Set the same BSSID on both AP radios to create two independent collision-free channels.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Co-channel cells hear each other and contend under 802.11 medium-access rules. A deployment may use nonoverlapping frequencies yet still suffer high contention when many nearby cells reuse the same channel. The design should evaluate channel reuse, power and cell load; merely changing SSID names cannot create independent airtime.

Incorrect Answers

B:

802.11 stations use carrier sensing and avoidance to share radio airtime. Strong overlapping co-channel cells can reduce effective throughput.

C:

Airtime contention occurs at the wireless MAC and does not require a routing loop. The RF survey data directly points to channel reuse pressure.

D:

BSSID changes identity, not physical center frequency or airtime competition. A common BSSID would not resolve RF contention and can confuse association behavior.

Question 113

A development team packages several services as containers that share a single host OS kernel, avoiding the overhead of a complete guest OS per service. What distinguishes containers from traditional VMs?

  1. Containers are the same as a dedicated physical switch port.
  2. A VM cannot have a virtual NIC or participate in a VLAN.
  3. Containers typically isolate processes while sharing the host kernel; VMs virtualize hardware for guest operating systems.
  4. Containers always boot a complete independent guest kernel for each application.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

Container runtimes provide process and filesystem/network namespaces and resource controls on a shared host kernel. Hypervisors instead present virtual hardware to guest OS instances with their own kernels. Both can serve application isolation purposes, but their startup, patching and isolation trade-offs differ; choose based on workload needs.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A switch port is a network interface, whereas a container is an isolated application runtime. It may attach to virtual networking, but it does not substitute for the runtime/OS distinction.

B:

Hypervisors routinely expose virtual network adapters that connect guest systems to virtual switches and VLAN-backed networks. Network connectivity is not an exclusive container feature.

D:

That behavior describes conventional virtual machines rather than typical OS-level containers. Shared-kernel isolation is central to why containerized services can have lower overhead.

Question 114

A provider-edge router must keep two customers’ IPv4 routing tables logically separate even though they share one chassis and interface inventory. Which feature supports that?

  1. PortFast on all routed interfaces.
  2. A larger ARP cache in the global routing instance.
  3. Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances with separate routing tables.
  4. A single global routing table with duplicate overlapping prefixes.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

A VRF maintains an independent routing table and related forwarding context for a routing domain on one router. This allows overlapping IP addresses to exist in different customer contexts without automatically leaking routes. Additional route leaking or interface assignment is an explicit design decision; VLANs alone provide only Layer 2 separation.

Incorrect Answers

A:

PortFast is a spanning-tree edge-port behavior for Layer 2 bridging and does not create separate IP RIBs. It cannot isolate two customers’ overlapping routes.

B:

ARP maintains next-hop IP-to-MAC mappings for local IPv4 links; increasing cache size does not segment routing domains. Without VRFs, customers still share route decision context.

D:

The global RIB cannot independently represent identical customer destinations with separate forwarding domains on its own. The case requires logical routing-table isolation, which VRFs supply.

Question 115

A router uses VRF Blue and VRF Red, and both contain identical 10.10.10.0/24 route prefixes but need to forward toward different clients. How is this possible?

  1. The router merges both tenants into one global route entry with both next hops always active.
  2. Each VRF maintains its own logically independent routing table and forwarding context.
  3. Spanning Tree selects a different root bridge for each tenant IP route.
  4. 802.1Q native VLAN automatically creates a new routing information base.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

A virtual routing and forwarding instance partitions routing state by logical domain on the same device. Identical destination prefixes can therefore resolve to different next hops depending on the ingress VRF. Overlapping addressing is possible without route leakage; crossing VRFs requires explicit configuration and policy rather than ordinary VLAN tagging alone.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A single undifferentiated route table would not maintain the requested customer-specific route context. Overlapping prefixes need an isolation key such as VRF membership.

C:

STP selects loop-free Layer 2 forwarding, not IP RIB selection. It cannot distinguish overlapping IPv4 routes for different customers.

D:

A native VLAN controls untagged Ethernet frames on trunks, not independent IP route tables. VRFs provide Layer 3 separation.

Question 116

An enterprise server runs several complete guest operating systems on one physical machine, each with virtual CPU, RAM and disk. Which technology isolates these virtual machines?

  1. A VLAN tagging configuration on the storage switch.
  2. A DNS zone with a separate A record for each VM.
  3. A hypervisor that provides virtual machine execution and resource isolation.
  4. A VRF that partitions the server CPU and memory.

Explanation

Correct Answer

C:

A hypervisor abstracts physical compute resources to run separate VMs with their own operating systems. This differs from containers sharing the host kernel and from VRFs separating network routing tables. The design still needs guest patching, virtual networking and resource controls; virtualization alone does not automatically secure every workload.

Incorrect Answers

A:

VLANs isolate Layer 2 broadcast domains and can carry VM traffic, but do not create or isolate guest OS execution. VM resource virtualization is a compute-host function.

B:

DNS names help clients resolve hosts, but adding records cannot allocate CPU, memory or guest kernels. Host virtualization must exist before VM name resolution can be useful.

D:

A virtual routing and forwarding instance isolates Layer 3 route tables on a network device, not guest CPU or memory. It cannot replace a hypervisor for independently bootable operating systems.

Question 117

An access switch receives a unicast frame whose destination MAC is not in its forwarding table. The source MAC is valid and learned on the ingress port. What does a normal switch do in that VLAN?

  1. Flood the unknown unicast out eligible ports in the same VLAN except the ingress port.
  2. Broadcast the frame into every VLAN configured on the chassis.
  3. Discard every unknown destination unicast without any flooding.
  4. Send the frame only to the configured IP default gateway.

Explanation

Correct Answer

A:

Layer 2 switches learn source MACs from incoming frames and look up destination MACs to select egress ports. With no destination entry, an unknown unicast is flooded within the VLAN’s forwarding domain, excluding the receiving port. Once a reply is learned, subsequent frames to that destination can be forwarded selectively; the flooding does not cross unrelated VLANs.

Incorrect Answers

B:

VLANs form distinct Layer 2 flooding domains. Even when the switch has multiple VLANs, a frame from one VLAN should not be flooded across all unrelated segments.

C:

Unknown-unicast flooding is normal bridging behavior absent special suppression policies. Silently dropping every initially unknown unicast would prevent many newly connected hosts from receiving their first packets.

D:

A Layer 2 switch does not redirect every unknown destination MAC to a Layer 3 gateway. It floods unknown unicast within its VLAN; routed forwarding occurs only when the sender addresses the gateway MAC.

Question 118

A campus switch stores many dynamic MAC entries; one host moves from Gi0/3 to Gi0/21 inside the same VLAN and transmits a frame from its existing MAC. What forwarding behavior should occur?

  1. Rewrite the host’s hardware MAC to match the new switch port identifier.
  2. The switch relearns that source MAC on Gi0/21 and forwards future unicast there.
  3. Keep forwarding permanently to Gi0/3 because the first learned port is immutable.
  4. Automatically bridge the host into all VLANs to find its destination.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Dynamic MAC learning associates each observed source address with the ingress port and VLAN. A legitimate station move can update that association when new frames arrive, so future traffic follows the new port. Port security or anti-spoofing features can restrict moves in secured designs, but ordinary dynamic learning supports them.

Incorrect Answers

A:

Switches do not change the endpoint source MAC simply because it moved. The MAC remains the host identifier while the forwarding table’s port association changes.

C:

Dynamic entries can age or be updated following legitimate address movement. Treating the first port as permanent would contradict normal host mobility behavior.

D:

A host move within VLAN 30 does not change the VLAN flooding boundary. Flooding across all VLANs would violate segment isolation rather than updating the MAC entry.

Question 119

A host sends a frame from source MAC 0011.2233.4455 on VLAN 30 through Gi0/12. How does a conventional switch update its forwarding database from this frame?

  1. Learn the frame’s destination MAC on the incoming port, without checking source.
  2. Learn source MAC 0011.2233.4455 as reachable via Gi0/12 in VLAN 30.
  3. Create an IP route to 0011.2233.4455 through Gi0/12.
  4. Add the source hardware address to the ARP table of every connected router.

Explanation

Correct Answer

B:

Switches learn source hardware addresses from frames received on a port, storing the VLAN and incoming interface association. The destination MAC is then looked up for forwarding or flooding, but the source drives the learning process. This table entry directs later frames addressed to the host toward Gi0/12 until it moves or ages out.

Incorrect Answers

A:

A destination address identifies the intended receiver and is not evidence that the receiver resides on the ingress interface. Ethernet bridge learning uses the source MAC of a received frame.

C:

MAC addresses are Layer 2 identifiers and cannot become conventional IPv4 network routes. The operation updates the MAC forwarding table, not the routing information base.

D:

ARP caches IP-to-MAC neighbor mappings and are managed separately by hosts/routers. Receiving a data frame does not update ARP tables on all external routers.

Question 120

A switch dynamically learned host 00aa.bbcc.ddee on Gi1/0/4 but the host was unplugged and no frames have arrived for a long period. What normal table behavior helps prevent stale delivery?

  1. The DHCP server instantly erases the switch MAC table.
  2. The switch rewrites the host’s IPv4 address to a broadcast address.
  3. The device automatically deletes the VLAN when the host disconnects.
  4. The dynamically learned MAC entry ages out after its inactivity timer.

Explanation

Correct Answer

D:

Dynamic MAC forwarding entries have an aging mechanism that removes stale associations after they are not refreshed. This prevents indefinite forwarding toward a port where the host no longer resides. Once the host reappears elsewhere, source-MAC learning builds a new association, subject to the configured aging behavior and exceptions such as static entries.

Incorrect Answers

A:

DHCP tracks leases, while the switch learns and ages MAC entries locally. DHCP expirations do not directly clear or manage the Ethernet forwarding table.

B:

MAC aging concerns link-layer forwarding state, not IPv4 address translation. The switch does not invent IP addresses when a host disconnects.

C:

A VLAN is a configured broadcast domain and does not disappear simply because one learned MAC becomes inactive. Its membership and configuration have separate lifecycles.